One of the major environmental impacts of construction may be the degradation of water quality in streams, wetlands, and groundwater near the construction site. The following guidelines will help you prevent the pollution of valuable water resources.
Always check with local water quality authorities before beginning construction. As a contractor you are responsible for maintaining water quality standards at your job site even if your particular activity does not require a local, state, or federal permit.
Site Preparation and Preservation
Preserving natural features should be a primary goal for every new development. Many sites have natural features that add economic and practical value as well as aesthetic interest.
Trees save energy and dollars by providing shade and slowing winter winds. A natural stream corridor that manages surface water to prevent erosion is less expensive than installing storm drains. Streams, lakes, and wetlands buffer the effects of development and maintain fish and wildlife habitat.
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Contacts:
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
Protect Potable Water Quality
Most Americans obtain their drinking water from municipal sources. However, a significant number of people rely on groundwater as their sole source of drinking water. As a contractor, your activities could inadvertently contaminate drinking water sources (for example by spilling a hazardous chemical on the ground or by improperly decommissioning an underground storage tank). Protecting the quality of drinking water sources should always be considered during construction.
The well owner is responsible for determining the location of the well. As a contractor, you can avoid cleanup obligations for contamination through a written drilling agreement with the well owner. This agreement assigns disinfection responsibility for the well, protects against misunderstandings between you and the well owner, and usually specifies that the well owner is responsible for site cleanup.
Regulations
- Federal Safe Drinking Water Act: Federal statute protecting drinking water supplies.
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Prevent pollution of drinking water sources.
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Contacts:
- County Disaster and Emergency Services office
- Various State Agencies
Water Well Drilling
If you are planning the construction, drilling, or alteration of a water or monitoring well, you may need a variety of permits. Water use permits may also be required. Once again these regulations are variable by geographic location. The most intense regulations being in drought prone areas and states.
Contacts:
- County Clerk and Recorder
- State Dept of Natural Resources
Storm Water Management
Construction has the potential to contaminate storm water, surface water, or other waters including, but not limited to “all streams and lakes (including all border waters), wells, springs, irrigation systems, marshes, watercourses, waterways, drainage systems and other bodies of water, surface and underground, natural or artificial, publicly or privately owned.”
Erosion can carry pollutants (asphalt, fertilizer, sealants, oil, gasoline, pesticides, and other toxic or hazardous materials) from the construction site into surface water or groundwater.
Preserving existing vegetation is one of the best ways to prevent soil erosion. Controlling erosion and its associated pollutants at the source is more cost-effective than trying to remove sediment and pollution from storm water runoff.
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Storm Water Erosion Control Plan
Regulations may require you to develop a Storm Water Erosion Control Plan for your site. The goals of the plan are to minimize the land disturbance during all phases of construction and to prevent sediment from leaving the construction site. Local regulations will dictate the exact components, however recommended elements include:
- Narrative site description.
- Site maps and construction plans.
- Erosion and sediment controls, including an implementation schedule.
- Any storm water control regulations required by local authorities
- Any applicable local government sediment, erosion control, or storm water management requirements.
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Contacts:
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app - U.S. EPA Regional Operations Office
http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/index.html#regional
Construction in Natural Waterways
Special permits are required for contractors who dredge, excavate, fill, drain, alter, or conduct construction activities in waters of the state. Regulations and permits cover the following construction activities:
- Excavation or dredging of material
- Placement of fill material
- Alteration of stream banks or a stream course, including installing riprap for erosion protection
- Ditching and draining
- In-water construction (driving piles, utility line crossings, etc.)
- Structures in navigable waters (docks, piers, etc.)
Federal Permits and Laws
Listed below are the necessary permits and applicable laws dealing with wetlands, streams, or other water bodies. Also included are application procedures, fees and processing times, and contacts for more information. Although the number of regulations and permits may seem daunting, the process is fairly straightforward.
Some local jurisdictions require permits or have other requirements for construction in or near waterways. Contact your local planning or building department before proceeding.
- Section 404 Permit (Federal Clean Water Act)
- A Section 404 permit is required from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers prior to any discharge, excavation, or placement of fill material into “waters of the United States” (this includes rivers, lakes, wetlands, and other water bodies). For information on construction activities that could alter the bed or banks of the waters of the state, contact the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. There are several types of 404 Permits depending on the impact the project will have on water resources.
- Nationwide Permit
- Projects with few impacts may qualify for a Nationwide Permit. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers must verify that the project complies with Nationwide Permit requirements. Examples of projects that could fall under the Nationwide Permit include riprap along stream banks, utility line crossings under streams, and road crossings over streams. The application may be approved within 10 days. There is no fee for a Nationwide Permit.
- Regional (General) Permit
- Similar to Nationwide Permits, Regional Permits cover activities that have been regionally authorized. The Regional Permits require individual review by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The application may be approved within 10 days. There is no fee for a Regional Permit.
- Letter of Permission
- A Letter of Permission is required for minor work on navigable waterways. The application may be approved within 10 days. There is no fee for a Letter of Permission.
- Individual Permit
- Required of large projects with greater potential impact. As part of its permit evaluation, the Corps of Engineers will look for efforts to avoid, minimize, and mitigate impacts (in that order). Mitigation is particularly important in wetlands. The project should result in no net loss of wetland functional values. The Corps of Engineers will issue a public notice soliciting comments and will factor these comments into its evaluation of the application. The public notice period is 30 days. As part of its evaluation, the Corps of Engineers will analyze impacts on archeological resources, historic properties, and endangered species. The process usually takes 60 to 90 days. The fee is $100 for all applicants. The cost of supplying additional information required for environmental analysis must be paid by the applicant.
Contacts:
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
http://www.usace.army.mil/CECW/Pages/cecwp_index.aspx
Federal Rivers and Harbors Act – For construction activities on, in, or over any federally-listed navigable waters of the United States.
- Procedure: Submit applications to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
- Time: Approval may take 60 to 90 days.
- Fees: Vary from $10 for private applicants to $100 for commercial.
Contact:
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
http://www.usace.army.mil/CECW/Pages/cecwp_index.aspx
Discharge of Construction Wash Water
Contractors often wash and rinse buildings, vehicles, tanks, containers, paint brushes, and other equipment at the construction site. Pollutants from these activities can run off directly or indirectly (via storm drains) into rivers, streams, groundwater, and other water bodies. Vehicles and equipment are sources of oil, grease, and toxics, particularly when they are not properly maintained.
Options for Water Discharge/Disposal
In the construction industry, the primary pollutant in the wastewater is sediment. You should not (local regs may mandate the you do not) discharge untreated construction wastewater to surface water or groundwater by either direct discharge or discharge to a storm sewer. The sediment and other pollutants must first be removed.
If you collect all construction wastewater, you may be able to discharge it to a municipal wastewater treatment plant and avoid the non-degradation requirements. Prior arrangements must be made with the appropriate local municipality. Also, check with your local building sanitation department or wastewater agency to see if you might be able to discharge the wash water to a municipal sanitary sewer system.
Discharge of Treated Wastewater
In some instances the city might not allow you to discharge your wastewater to a wastewater treatment plant; the city might require that you treat the water yourself. A good way to remove the sediment from the water is to construct a pond and let the sediment settle to the bottom. The cleaner water can then be decanted from the pond. Or you may have to install a filter system that will remove the pollutants.
If the water is not contaminated, you may be able to apply the water to land at locations where it will eventually percolate to the groundwater. You can also dig a pit and let the water infiltrate the ground.
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Stop pollutants from entering storm drains and leaching into groundwater.
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Sewage Disposal Services
This section mainly applies to contractors who provide sewage disposal services such as installing, pumping, or disposing of septic system wastes. Some counties require contractors who plan to install, repair, alter, or pump septic tanks and drainfields on a commercial basic obtain a license from their local County Health Department. Different counties have variations in licensing procedures and fees. Therefore, general requirements and procedures for licensing are explained below. For more information or copies of forms, contact your local County Health Department.
Sewage Disposal Systems
Contractors constructing and hooking up subsurface domestic sewage systems, such as septic tanks and drainfields, probably need to be licensed by the local County Health Department in which they are working. A permit is likely required to install any septic system. Important issues include:
- usage of the lot
- type, size, and placement of the septic system
- placement of the well
- may need approved site evaluation
Contact your local County Health Department for more information.
Generally, you will need to dig two test holes in the location of the proposed disposal system. This allows the sanitarian to ensure that the soil is adequate to absorb and treat domestic wastewater. If the soil is not adequate, other approved alternatives such as a sand filter system may be available.
To obtain the construction permit from your local County Health Department, you must:
Submit appropriate forms supplied by your County Health Department. Likely information you must provide includes:
- Legal description of the structure for which the permit is sought
- Parcel size
- Description of both existing and proposed structures to be connected to the system
- Site plan
Contacts:
- County Health Department
Sewer Hook-Ups
This section applies to contractors who construct drain and sewage lines that are hooked up to municipal sewage systems. Regulations often require contractors to hire licensed plumbers to hook up drain and sewage lines to domestic sewage service laterals or to some other disposal terminal holding human or domestic sewage. Consult your plumber to see if there may also be a hook up fee. Contact your local building or plumbing department for additional information on local requirements.
Contacts:
- Local Building or Plumbing Department/Agency